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PROFESSIONAL
ENGLISH Електронний посібник |
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8. St. Paul’s Cathedral in London 9. Skyscrapers of the 21ST century 11. The Properties of Concrete 12. Getting the Best from Prestressed
Concrete 14. Something about Cementing Materials 15. The Design of Residential Areas 17. The Problem of Durability in Building
The Institute
of Frozen Soils attached to the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences is
situated in Yakutsk. Perhaps
you think that you cannot find places that never thaw out anywhere except in
the Far North? This is not so. The permafrost zones are almost under half of
the Post Soviet Union. To the east of the Yenisei,
there is solid permafrost from the Arctic Ocean of the Chinese and Mongolian
borders. A quarter of the land on our planet is frozen. The whole of
Antarctica, nearly the whole of Greenland, three quarters of Alaska, and two
thirds of Canada are clothed in an icy armor. Several
bodies of mammoths have been discovered in Siberia, frozen in the permafrost
for thousands of years. It seems that the word "eternal" is
absolutely suitable to this hopelessly frozen ground. And yet, permafrost is
only preserved if people do not interfere with nature. At times a footpath
beaten in the tundra, a carpet of moss ruined by the caterpillar of a
tractor, a new house can change the situation. Ground that has been frozen
solid for cen-turies can suddenly turn into a boggy
swamp. This can create great difficulties for builders, if they build a house
without considering the specificity of frozen ground, the house will be
short-lived. The ground will thaw and the building will collapse. This was
the un-fortunate end of many early projects in the permafrost zone. Today one
can see tall blocks of flats and huge industrial enterprises in the Far
North. They are not exactly ordinary. Walking along the streets of Yakutsk
one notices that all the buildings are raised off the ground on concrete
piles. This is done to prevent the ground from thawing out. It was suggested
by permafrost expert, who proved that permafrost can act as a solid
foundation for any building if it is handled properly. Way back
in the 30s the Institute began to work out theories for constructing roads
and railways in permafrost zones, and for building blocks of flats,
factories, gold mines and airports. New problems kept coming up as time went
by. The construction of hydroelectric power stations, for instance. Since
1970 several big power stations have been built in the Polar Circle. The
discovery of rich oil and gas deposits in the North has forced permafrost
experts to solve the problem of laying pipelines in frozen ground. There are
pipelines in Yakutia and on the Taimyr Peninsula beyond the Arctic Circle
now. A giant trunk pipeline takes gas from Yakutia to the Pacific coast.
1. The Institute of Frozen Soils is situated in
... (a) Norilsk, b) Yakutsk, c) Magadan). 2. The permafrost zones are ... (a) only in the
Far North, b) in many areas of our planet). 3. The permafrost ... (a) is eternal, b) can turn into a
boggy swamp). 4. All the buildings in Yakutsk ... (a) stand on the
ground, b) are raised off
the ground on concrete piles).
1.
There are many-places on our planet with … . 2. If
we build a house without considering specific features of frozen ground, the
house .. . 3. The
permafrost experts proved that permafrost can act as a solid foundation for
any building, if … . 4.
When turning into a boggy swamp frozen ground can create great difficulties for ...
. 5.
Many huge enterprises are built on … .
Solid armour Permafrost piles Power expert Frozen foundation Unfortunate trunk Icy station Boggy end Wood mines Gravel swamp Giant layer Gold pads
1.
Permafrost consists of … . 2.
Permafrost is preserved if … . 3.
Permafrost thickness can be … . 4.
Permafrost is frozen for … . 5. All the
buildings are raised on … .
Гусениця трактора, створити
труднощі, недовговічний, промислові підприємства, поклади нафти, прокладати
трубопровід, танення, змінити ситуацію, ранні проекти, вирішувати проблему,
змушувати, можливо, прокладати стежку, магістраль.
Stabilizing Houses on Permafrost https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjqudZYuv1Q
How does frozen ground affect buildings? preventing,
layers, damaging, frame, thawing, expands, thaws, frost heave, ice, lasting, challenging, permafrost. Frozen ground can affect people's
lives. When it ___, it can damage buildings and transportation. When all the
water near the surface is frozen into ___, it can make finding drinking water
for towns difficult. Many people worldwide live in places with seasonally
frozen ground. Hundreds of thousands of people in Alaska, Canada, and Russia
live on ___. Constructing ___ buildings on
frozen ground is difficult. Huge ___ of ice can grow underground and thicken
over time. When ice forms underground, it ___. This can make the ground move,
causing ___. Frost heave lifts up the ground, as well as everything on top of
it. Building on permafrost is also
___. Buildings that are heated from the inside give off heat. The heat can
thaw the permafrost underneath the building. Once the permafrost thaws, it
sinks, ___ the building it supports . Engineers sometimes solve this
problem by ___ the ground under the building from getting warm. They put the
building on top of a steel ___, a few feet above the ground, so cold air can
flow under the house. The cold air stops the permafrost from ___.
Simple Tenses in Passive Voice Present Simple Passive Для утворення пасивного стану у часі Present Simple необхідно перед дієсловом з закінченням – ed або у 3 формі (якщо воно неправильне) поставити допоміжне дієслово am, is або are (дієслово to be в теперішньому часі). Am вживається з 1 особою однини (I), is з 3 особою однини (he, she, it), are – з усіма іншими. Правило утворення:
Past Simple Passive Для утворення пасивного стану у часі Past Simple необхідно перед дієсловом в минулому часі поставити допоміжне дієслово was або were (to be в минулому часі). Was вживається з 1 та 3 особами однини (I, he, she, it). Правило утворення:
The car was repaired by Sam. Future Simple Passive Для утворення пасивного стану у часі Future Simple необхідно перед дієсловом з закінченням – ed або у 3 формі (якщо воно неправильне) поставити конструкцію will be. Правило утворення:
The house will be built.
1. The printing press (invent) in
the fifteenth century. 2. Last night I (invite) to a
party by a friend from Scotland. 3. Spain and Portugal (visit) by
millions of tourists every year. 4. Italy and Russia (invade) by
Napoleon. 5. The menu in that restaurant
(change) every month. 7. These strawberries are fresh;
they (pick) yesterday. 10. The United Nations (found) in
1945. 11. The “Mona Lisa” (paint) by
Leonardo da Vinci. 12. San Salvador and Cuba
(discover) by Columbus in 1492. 13. This type of transistor radio
(manufacture) in Japan. 17. Last Saturday one of our teams
(send) off the field for rough play.
Ekofisk
is the name given to a geological structure under the North Sea—to be more
precise a vast strata of 1imestone lying 10,000 feet
underground and stretching eight miles from north to south and four miles
from east to west. This limestone is saturated with oil and gas. To produce this oil and gas a hole is drilled down into
the limestone reservoir. The whole of the oil reservoir is under pressure.
This pressure will force the oil and gas out of the rock and up through the
cased hole to the surface. This
operation is very simple. The problem at Ekofisk- is that the area of
operations lies 180 miles out in the North Sea and water depths often exceed
200 feet. This makes everything connected with extracting oil very difficult
and very expensive. To justify such expense the volume of oil produced has to
be very large. The central part of the Ekofisk installation
consists of a series of platforms connected by bridges and raised 60 feet
above sea level. It stretches more than half a mile from north to south in
the central part of the field. At one end of the Ekofisk complex a gigantic
concrete tank is installed. It can store 1,000,000 barrels of oil. Without it
many days' production would be lost each year during bad weather. This is
because the North Sea is sometimes so stormy that tankers cannot load safely.
As soon as the storm subsides and during fine weather tankers will empty the
tank. The tank is a huge reinforced
concrete structure that sits squarely on the sea bed. It is so tall that it
projects above the sea to the same height as the other platforms at Ekofisk.
It consists of a group of nine cylindrical concrete tanks sitting on a
concrete and steel base surrounded by a perforated concrete breakwater wall.
The whole tank is topped by a structural steel platform. The breakwater is
270 feet high. The complete tank is also 270 feet high and weighs 235,000
tons. The foundations were constructed in a drydock in
Norway. When they were complete they were towed out to a harbour
and grounded on the sea bottom. The rest of the Ekofisk facilities are of steel,
welded together as in ships. It was built in separate parts in different
shipyards in Europe and in the USA. This cut construction time. The undersea
part of the Ekofisk platforms are called jackets. The superstructure was split into units-vast blocks
of finished equipment that had simply to be connected together. Each one was
constructed, and fitted out on shore, and then taken out to the worksite and
slotted into place. Workmen were needed to put the sections into place and
connect them all together, but far fewer than would have been needed to
"fit out" this equipment on site. Naturally, the bigger the unit
that could be installed the better. The limit was the capacity of the crane
barge 1,200 ton. It took two years to bring all the jackets to the
site and launch into place with the help of the crane barges. The largest
jacket was 250 feet long and weighed 2,500 tons.
A
breakwater is an offshore
structure (such as a wall) which is built to protect a coast or harbour from the force of waves. A drydock (sometimes dry-dock or dry dock) is a narrow basin which are used for the construction,
maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, and other watercrafts. A shipyard (also called a dockyard) is a place where ships are
built and repaired. These can be yachts, military vessels, cruise liners or
other cargo or passenger ships.
up
through the cased hole; out of the rock; a huge reinforced concrete structure;
on the sea bed; vast blocks of finished equipment; to be connected together.
1.
The central part of the installation consists of a series of platforms. 2. A gigantic
concrete tank was installed. 3.
The complete tank weighs 235,000 tons. 4.
The facilities are of steel, welded together as in ships.
Piles, frozen, pressure, drydock, foundation, oil
and gas, collapse, blocks of flats 1. A quarter of the land on our planet is … . 2. This limestone is saturated with … . 3. The foundations were constructed in a … in Norway. 4. The whole of oil reservoir is under … . 5. All the buildings in Yakutsk are raised off the ground on concrete … . 6. The ground will thaw and the building will … . 7. Permafrost can act as a solid … . 8. Today one can see tall … in the Far North.
Boggy
strata Industrial
tank Icy
of a tractor Concrete
swamp Solid enterprises Vast
piles Gigantic
foundation Blocks armour Extracting
of flats Caterpillar
oil
Short-lived, limestone, sand, gravel, eternal, hole,
breakwater, trunk, collapse, drydock.
Platform, limestone, reservoir ships, pressure,
jackets, tank, frozen, piles, structure 1. Ekofisk is the name given to a geological
structure under the North Sea-to be more precise a vast
strata of … 2. The whole of the oil reservoir is under …. 3. At one end of the Ekofisk complex a gigantic
concrete … is installed. 4. The rest of the Ekofisk facilities are of steel, welded together as
in … 5. It seems that the word "eternal" is
absolutely suitable to this hopelessly … ground. 6. Walking along the
streets of Yakutsk one notices that all the buildings are raised off the
ground on concrete… 7. The tank is a huge reinforced concrete … 8. To produce this oil and gas a hole is drilled
down into the … 9. The undersea part of the
Ekofisk platforms are called … 10. The whole tank is topped by a structural
steel …
limestone
bed concrete
reservoir sea tank breakwater
barge crane
structure geological
wall
A
breakwater is … A drydock
is … A shipyard
is …
Continuous Tenses in Passive Voice Present Simple Passive Для утворення пасивного стану у часі Present Simple необхідно перед дієсловом з закінченням – ed або у 3 формі (якщо воно неправильне) поставити допоміжне дієслово am, is або are (дієслово to be в теперішньому часі). Am вживається з 1 особою однини (I), is з 3 особою однини (he, she, it), are – з усіма іншими. Правило утворення:
The house is built. Past Simple Passive Для утворення пасивного стану у часі Past Simple необхідно перед дієсловом в минулому часі поставити допоміжне дієслово was або were (to be в минулому часі). Was вживається з 1 та 3 особами однини (I, he, she, it). Правило утворення:
The car was repaired by Sam. Future Simple Passive Для утворення пасивного стану у
часі Future Simple необхідно перед дієсловом з закінченням - ed або у 3 формі
(якщо воно неправильне)
поставити конструкцію will be.
Правило утворення:
The house will be built.
1. The printing press (invent) in
the fifteenth century. 2. Last night I (invite) to a
party by a friend from Scotland. 3. Spain and Portugal (visit) by
millions of tourists every year. 4. Italy and Russia (invade) by
Napoleon. 5. The menu in that restaurant
(change) every month. 7. These strawberries are fresh;
they (pick) yesterday. 10. The United Nations (found) in
1945. 11. The “Mona Lisa” (paint) by
Leonardo da Vinci. 12. San Salvador and Cuba
(discover) by Columbus in 1492. 13. This type of transistor radio
(manufacture) in Japan. 17. Last Saturday one of our teams
(send) off the field for rough play.
Continuous Tenses in
Passive Voice Present Continuous
Passive Для утворення пасивного стану Present Continuous необхідно після допоміжного дієслова am / is / are додати допоміжне дієслово being, а до основного дієслова додати закінчення - ed або ж використати 3 форму, якщо воно не є правильним (Неправильні дієслова).
Right now,
the letter is being written by Sarah. Past Continuous Passive Для утворення пасивного стану у часі Past Continuous необхідно перед дієсловом в минулому часі поставити допоміжні дієслова was / were та being, а дієслово вживати не з закінченням – ing, а з закінченням – ed або ж у 3 формі (Таблиця неправильних дієслів). Was вживається з 1 та третьою особами однини (I, he, she, it).
The customer was being helped by the salesman
when the thief came into the store. Future Continuous Passive не існує
1. We were talking about Francis. – Francis was being talked about by
us. 2. He is playing the guitar. 3. She was watching a film. 4. I was repairing their bikes. 5. They are not eating dinner. 6. We were not painting the gate. 7. You were not driving him home. 8. He was not feeding the dogs. 9. Was she reading these lines? 10. Were they carrying bags?
The United Nations
Headquarters in New York is a group of buildings set in beautifully
landscaped grounds. At night, from across the East River it seems to float on
a platform of light above the shining water. Some people consider it a
brilliantly planned, superbly executed example of functional design, some
call it an architectural monstrosity. But all agree that the buildings have
the striking beauty of their own. The different buildings of the group, each
individually distinctive in design, are closely associated stylistically and
functionally. The Secretariat Building
is one of the most remarkable structures in the world. The building is 505
feet high. It has 39 storeys above ground and
several below. It is 289 feet long. The windows are set in aluminium frames. The blue-green glass of the windows is
of a special composition to permit a maximum of light with a minimum of heat.
The ends of the building are entirely of marble from Vermont, 2,000 tons of
it. It is connected at various levels with the other buildings. The Conference Building
contains a wide range of
facilities: three large council chambers, each containing about 400 public
and 120 press seats. There are also several big committee rooms, the main
delegates' lounge, and a restaurant. The General Assembly
Building and the Auditorium. This building is of curious double concave
shape. Its chief function is to provide a suitable meeting hall for the
annual Assembly meeting. The great auditorium is 380 feet long, varies from
160 feet wide on the south to 220 feet on the north. It seats 920 delegates
and advisers, 1,000 visitors, 420 press representatives.
1.
Where is the United Nations Headquarters situated? 2.
How many storeys has the Secretariat Building? 3.
What kind of glass was used for the windows of this building? 4.
What facilities does the Conference Building contain? 5.
What shape is the General Assembly Building of?
1.
This group of buildings is set in … . 2.
These buildings are individually distinctive in … . 3.
The glass of windows is of special composition to permit … 4. The ends of the building are of … . 5.
The Secretariat Building is connected with … . 6.
The chief function of the General Assembly Building is to provide ... .
brilliantly
planned; a remarkable structure; above ground; below ground; a maximum of
light; a special composition; a minimum of heat; entirely of marble.
Empire State Building The Empire State Building is a 102-story skyscraper located
in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It has a roof height of 1,250 feet (381
meters), and with its antenna spire included, it stands a total of 1,454 ft
(443.2 m) high. It stood as the world's tallest building for 40
years, from its completion in 1931 until construction of the World Trade
Center's North Tower was completed in 1972. Following the September 11
attacks in 2001, the Empire State Building was again the tallest building in
New York (although it was no longer the tallest in the US or the world). The Empire State Building was once again demoted to
second-tallest building in New York on April 30, 2012, when the new One World
Trade Center reached a greater height. The Empire State Building is currently the
third-tallest completed skyscraper in the United States and the 15th-tallest
in the world (the tallest now is Burj Khalifa, located in Dubai). It is also
the fourth-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas. The Empire State Building is generally thought of as
an American cultural icon. It is designed in the distinctive Art Deco style
and has been named as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the
American Society of Civil Engineers. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in
1986. In 2007, it was ranked number one on the List of America's Favorite
Architecture according to the AIA. The Empire State Building is currently undergoing a
$550 million renovation, with $120 million spent in an effort to transform
the building into a more energy efficient and eco-friendly structure. Receiving a gold Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) rating in September 2011, the Empire State
Building is the tallest LEED certified building in the United States.
Empire State Building
(443 m) Burj Khalifa (828 m) Big Ben (96 m) Eiffel Tower (324m) Petronas Towers (452
m)
Framework, map, floors, in
accordance, hold, annually, height, exterior, records, tower, granite,
completed The
Empire State building was completed in 1931 … with an original design first
suggested by John J. Raskob. Its construction set speed …; it was … in less
than two years. The building's … is covered by Indiana limestone and … , supported by a steel framework. For this … 60,000 tons
of metal were used. 102 stories above the street (and with two more below the
street level), it has a … of 1,472 ft. The
upper … contains observatories and television antennas. Its two observatories
on the 86th and 102nd … attract more than 1,500,000 visitors …. It is
the best place in New York to see the city as a living …. This building can …
about 80,000 people.
Inside the Empire State Building’s
21st Century Upgrade https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRV-XdwRkO4
Burj Dubai is the tallest building
that has ever been built. The world’s tallest skyscraper, located
in the United Arab Emirates,
is 828 metres tall. Construction started in 2004 and, even though the interior
is unfinished, the building officially opened in January 2009. According to the constructors, a South Korean firm,
the skyscraper cost about $1.5 billion. Shortly after the opening ceremonies the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, after the
president of the United Arab Emirates, who gave Dubai about $10 billion to
pay its debts. Up to the completion of Burj
Dubai the Taipeh 101 in Taiwan was the world’s
tallest building. It reaches
over 500 metres into the sky. The new tower is Y – shaped and has 160 floors. Built
with concrete and embedded steel plates the base gets smaller as the building
gets taller. The top of the tower can sway
1.5 metres. Temperatures are about 7 °C lower than
at the base. The new skyscraper will have over
a thousand luxury apartments, 50 floors of offices and a luxurious Armani hotel. About 30,000
people will be working and living in the skyscraper once the interior
is finished. The world’s highest observation
deck is located in the 124 th floor. 54
elevators will get you to the top at speeds
of up to 60 km an hour in about two minutes. Construction experts say that
building the tower has been the greatest engineering achievement ever accomplished. However,
there are also negative sides. The skyscraper was built by thousands of
workers from Southern Asia who earned
very little. Some reports say that they had to work up to 14 hours a day,
stayed in miserable houses and
weren’t allowed to leave the site.
Many were injured and a few
even died. Burj Dubai is the centre
of a gigantic new development area with about 30,000
new homes, 9 hotels 6 acres of
parkland, a 12 ha man-made
lake and the largest mall in
the world. For Dubai the skyscraper is a
symbol of strength and prosperity, even
though the emirate is living beyond
its means and spending too much money. Although most of the luxurious
space has already been sold Dubai will have problems selling all the
apartments in the tower because there are many empty luxury flats and houses
in the city already. Even rich people are careful when it comes to buying real estate during an economic recession.
1. Burj Dubai is located in …. 2. The tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, after …. 3. The top of the tower
can sway …. 4. The world’s highest observation deck is located in …. 5. Elevators will get you
to the top at speeds of …. 6. Burj Dubai is the centre of ….
Opening ceremonies, to
pay its debts, the completion, embedded steel, luxury apartments, observation deck, greatest engineering achievement, miserable
houses, gigantic new development area, man-made lake, strength and prosperity, empty luxury flats, real estate, economic recession.
St.
Paul’s Cathedral stands on the site of former Saxon and Norman churches. The
latter were destroyed in the Great Fire in 1666 and the present building
completed in 1710, is the work of famous architect Sir Christopher Wren.
Londoners have a particular affection for St. Paul’s. The 110-meter high
dome, containing a remarkable Whispering Gallery, is a prominent landmark
towering above the many-storeyed buildings which
lines the Thames bank. Christopher
Wren was an architect who had built many buildings. In 1675, he started on
his greatest work. For 35 years the building of St. Paul’s Cathedral went on,
and Wren was an old man before it was finished. From far
away you can see the huge dome with a golden ball and cross on the top. The
inside of the cathedral is very beautiful. After looking around, you can
climb 263 steps to the Whispering Gallery, which runs round the dome. It is
called so because if someone whispers close to the wall on one side, a person
with the ear close to the wall on the other side can hear what is said. Then,
you can climb another 118 steps, you will be able to stand outside the dome
and look over London. But
not only you can climb up, you can also go down underneath the cathedral,
into the crypt. Here are buried many great men, including Christopher Wren
himself.
Ø Hello! I haven’t seen you for ages! How are you? Ø Was the church burnt down 3 times for its history? Ø Quite so, the last time it was during the Great Fire. Sir Christopher
Wren began to build the cathedral 2 years later. Ø Really? Was it interesting? Ø It’s really so. I have read a lot about this beautiful church. This
church was first built in the 7th century. But the original
building was burnt down in1087 Ø I’ve heard it took him 35 years to build this church. Ø Right you are. Ø
It’s
really interesting information. Thanks a lot. Ø Hi! I’m Ok, but I have been very busy since Monday, I have been preparing for
the report about St. Paul’s Cathedral.
1. St. Paul’s Cathedral was first built in the ____________. 2. The original building was burnt down in _________. 3. It was burnt down ___________ times for its history. 4. Sir Christopher Wren began to build the cathedral in
______________. 5. It took him _______ years.
destroy,
__, __ complete,
__, __ affection,
__, ___ remarkable,
__, __ underneath,
__, __ amazing,
finish, damage, below, liking, great, break, end, under, love
this huge
building; from far away; a prominent landmark; above the many-storeyed buildings.
London London has an
indefinable character and charm of its own. In this historic city the modern
rubs shoulders with the old. The first mayor of
London was elected in 1193 but for more than a thousand years before that
London has been the place of importance. London survived
the Plague which killed nearly 100,000 people and the Great Fire which
followed. Little damage occurred during World War I, but World War II brought
tremendous destruction. Many buildings of great historic value were laid in
ruins and today the face of London is changed.
Nowadays it
has become very difficult to live in big cities. It seems as if not even the
Americans like living in skyscrapers. Not
only they are expensive to build, they also ruin the landscape. It's much
better to live in small houses in a green countryside. However,
there are countries like Japan that need to build skyscrapers because of lack
of space and dense population. In
fact, according to statistics at the beginning of the 21st century
half the world's population lives in cities.
More than 300 million people live in 21 metropolises. A very tall
skyscraper in the form of a pyramid has been planned in Tokyo which is more than 2 kms high. It'll be called Try 2004. Its base will be 8 square
kilometers and its flats and offices will accommodate 1 million
people. Another
skyscraper called Seed 4000 will be 4 kilometers tall and will be designed
like Mount Fuji, the most famous
mountain in Japan. In Guinness
World Records Book there are some other facts about the tallest buildings. The world's
tallest free-standing tower is the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada, which has a height of 1,815 ft. It was built in 1975. Petronas
Towers in Malaysia became the world's tallest office in March 1996 reaching
1,482 ft. height. The Universal Financial
Centre in Shanghai, China built in 2001 is 1,490 ft. high, with 95 storeys of offices and hotel accommodation above ground
and three storeys below ground. The tallest
apartment blocks in the John Hancock Centre in Chicago, state Illinois, in
the USA 1,127 ft. high. It has 100 storeys. The sail-shaped Arabian Tower in Dubai, United
Arab Emirates, is the tallest hotel
in the world, measuring a record 1,053 ft.
1. The Americans ruin the landscape. 2. There is much space in Japan. 3. Nearly 50 per cent of people in the world live in the cities. 4. Mount Fuji is 4 kilometers
tall. 5. Guinness World Records Book is the book about the tallest
buildings. 6. Arabian Tower in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is in the form of a sail.
1. The skyscrapers are … to build a) cheap b) not cheap c) cheaper 2. Japan is the country with … population. a) many b) more c) much 3. A very tall skyscraper in Tokyo is … 2 kms. а) about b) higher
than c) smaller than 4. The
Universal Financial Centre in Shanghai, China has … storeys. а) 92 b) 95 c) 98 5. Which skyscraper is the
tallest? а) Arabian Tower in Dubai b) The Universal Financial Centre in Shanghai c) The John Hancock Centre 6. A nation really becomes … if it builds skyscrapers? а) modern b) progress c) the best
Building New York's 21st Century Superscraper https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teMXRIXrYpE
Prestressed concrete is a unique material that is
much stronger than typical concrete. What Is
Prestressed Concrete? This type of concrete is made by incorporating steel
into the concrete structure during the manufacturing process. This may
include steel cables, bars or other steel materials. While the steel is under
tension, the concrete is cast around it. During the concrete curing process,
the concrete will bond to the steel. The tension on the steel is then
released, and the concrete is compressed to create additional strength in the
material. What Are
Applications for Prestressed Concrete? Prestressed concrete can be used in a wide range of
residential and commercial construction products on the interior and exterior
of buildings. For example, cast stone panels can be created for both interior
and exterior walls. The unique combination of strength and decorative detail
of the prestressed concrete makes these types of wall panels popular.
Prestressed concrete can also be used to create cast stone and numerous other
architectural products. It can even be used for landscaping design. What Are
the Benefits of Using Prestressed Concrete? There are numerous benefits associated with using
prestressed concrete. The most obvious benefit is the strength of the
material in comparison to regular concrete. Concrete is a material that can
be treated in various ways to create different looks. Staining, for example,
can give concrete the look of natural stone, tile, marble and more. However,
it has minimal maintenance needs and is more affordable than many other
materials. Furthermore, because of the strength of the material, prestressed
concrete is also more affordable than many other materials that may be used
for structural support, integrity of the project.
1. Construction
materials differ in their (властивості)
and in their methods of (використання). 2. Brick belongs to (штучних
будівельних
матеріалів). 3. Concrete is
produced by mixing (цементу, гравію,
води
і
піску)
in the proper amounts. 4. Wood is popular
since it has (легку вагу,
низьку
ціну
і
легкість
в
обробці). 5. (Деревина)
always contains some water which (зменшує міцність). 6. Construction materials are known to
differ in (міцності, вогнетривкості,
довговічності). 7. In modern times
bricks vary widely with the method of (виробництва)
and temperature of (випалювання).
Shop assistant and Customer: Ø What
can I do for you, sir/madam? Ø How
much is it? Ø Take
the cement of Sterlitamak. Ø I’d
like to buy three bags of cement, but I hesitate about the producer. Ø Cash.
It costs 100 hryvnias, doesn’t it? Ø It
costs 100 hryvnias. Ø Yes,
it does. Here you are. Ø It
isn’t very expensive. I will take it. Ø How
will you pay?
Concrete
must be hard, strong, durable, dense, non-porous, fire-resisting and
economical. Concrete
has proved to be durable when made of good materials, well mixed, and
properly cured. Failures can be found in concrete work, but the trouble is
usually caused by poor material, faulty foundations, lack of knowledge of the
properties of concrete or poor workmanship. For example, some cements will
give better results in sea water than others. This fact had to be established
by experience and experiments. It is
more difficult to secure durable reinforced concrete than mass concrete. This
is due to the reinforcing steel and the additional water required to make the
concrete flow around the steel bars. When moisture reaches the steel, it will
rust and the expansion caused by the rust will crack the concrete, resulting
in an unsightly structure and necessary repairs. In all structures exposed to
the weather the reinforcing steel must be carefully placed and well secured
so that it cannot be displaced while concreting. No metal should project to
the surfaces. Small wires will soon cause rust spots on the surface of the
concrete if they are exposed. Concrete,
to be durable, must be made of good materials, uniform in quality, mixed with
a minimum amount of water, and properly placed and protected while curing.
Concrete exposed to sea water and the rise and fall of water levels,
especially in cold climates where ice forms on the structures, requires
specials attention in the selection of the cement, aggregates, mixing,
placing and curing. With the
use of dense agregates the proportions which will
produce the densest products are generally those which contain the maximum
amount of coarse aggregate and still contain enough fine aggregate to produce
a smooth surface. The
strength of plain concrete depends upon the quality of the cement, the
strength and character of the aggregate, the quantity of cement in a unit of
volume, and the density of the concrete. Other things being equal the
strongest concrete is that containing the largest amount of cement in a given
volume of concrete, the strength of the concrete varying directly as the
amount of cement. With a given quantity of cement in a unit of volume, the
strongest concrete is that in which the aggregates are proportioned so as to
give a concrete of the greatest density that is of the greatest weight per
unit of volume. The strength of concrete also depends upon the methods used
in mixing, upon the care taken in measuring the ingredients, and in mixing
and placing the concrete. Concrete exposed to the air hardens more rapidly
than protected concrete. The setting of cement is a chemical change brought
about by the addition of water to the cement, the strength increasing very
rapidly the first few days, after which the mixture slowly hardens and
increases in strength. Concrete
has poor elastic and tensional properties, but it is strong in compression.
Its tensile strength is only one-tenth of its compressive strength. The
compressive strength of plain concrete varies between wide limits, depending
upon the cement, the proportions of cement and aggregates, and the methods of
mixing, and depositing, and the age.
1. What kind of
concrete must it be? 2. When has
concrete proved to be durable? 3. What is the
trouble of concrete work caused by? 4. What concrete
requires special attention in the selection of the cement, aggregates,
mixing, placing and curing? 5. What does the
strength of plain concrete depend upon? 6. What is the
strongest concrete? 7. What concrete
hardens more rapidly?
Prestressed concrete has captured the
imagination of many designers. It enables lighter construction than ordinary
reinforced work. Although prestressed concrete is increasingly used for
buildings, its full potentialities have not yet been realized. There must be full cooperation between
architect, engineer and contractor if full advantage is to be taken of
prestressed concrete. The most interesting and successful buildings in recent
years have been those in which all three have worked together from the start. The practical, economic and aesthetic
benefits of prestressed concrete for buildings are evident. From the
practical viewpoint, it permits large spans with relatively shallow-section
members even when heavy loads are required. This means fewer columns, more
unrestricted floor space and, of course, a reduction in weight and the
distance from floor to floor. Economically, prestressing means a
saving in materials. It is particularly economical where large spans or heavy
loads, or both, are involved by prestressed concrete. The advantages of large
uninterrupted spans from the aesthetic point of view are self
evident, as are the canopies and cantilivers
that prestressing makes possible. For the framed multistorey
block, prestressing is most useful where the open
flexible plan is required. Large spans and the minimum of internal columns
are necessary, and prestressed beams and floors can provide an efficient and
attractive solution. An interesting development in
prestressed concrete recently has been its popularity for multistorey
car parks, where free space for parking maneuvering is essential. One of the
most successful multistorey car parks houses some
800 cars on six floors, many more similar car parks being planned.
1. Thanks to prestressing, we can produce
large uninterrupted spans with canopies and cantilevers. 2. We use prestressed concrete only when
light loads are required. 3. Prestressed concrete has a bunch of
positive properties, its only disadvantage being a poor aesthetic appearance. 4. Car owners can now hope to use multistorey car-parks, because of the steady development
of prestressed concrete for this very purpose.
Model: joint
— to join compression – to _______________ installation – to__________________ relation – to ___________________ combination – to_______________ storage – to __________________ usage – to ___________________ service – to __________________ production – to _______________
Properties of concrete https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLcMbjfsxOU
The industry processing the natural compounds of
silicon is called the silicate industry. It embraces the production of
cement, glass, and
ceramics. The production of ceramic goods is based on the property
of clay when mixed with water to form a putty from which various articles can
easily be moulded. When these articles are dried
and then baked, that is, ignited at a high temperature, they become hard and
retain their shape, no longer being softened by water. In this way clay mixed with water and sand is moulded into bricks, which are then dried and baked. The
materials used to make silicate bricks are white sand and slaked lime. Cement Production. Cement is made from limestone and
clay, or from their natural mixture, marls. The materials roasted in
cylindrical rotary kilns are charged into a slowly rotating kiln at its upper
end and travel, mixing continuously, towards the lower end, while a current
of hot gases, the products of the burning of fuel, flows in the opposite
direction. During the period of their movement through the kiln the clay and
the limestone react chemically, and the material emerging from the kiln in
lumps of a caked, mass is cement, which is then ground. When cement is mixed with water, it
forms mortar, which hardens, binding various objects, such as bricks or
stones, very firmly. It is for this reason that cement is used widely as a
binding material in large-scale construction, including underwater
construction. Cement is often mixed with sand or gravel, in which
case we get concrete. Concrete has roughly the same coefficient of thermal
expansion as iron. Glass Production. The initial materials for the production of ordinary glass are
mainly soda Na2CO3,
limestone CaCO3, and sand SiO2. A
mixture of these substances is heated in a bath-shaped furnace. When it cools, the liquid mass of glass does not
become hard at once. At first it becomes viscous and readily assumes any
shape. This property of glass is used in making various articles out of it.
Definite portions of the cooling semiliquid mass are taken from the bath, and
these are blown or pressed to make various glassware. By machine methods
glass sheets, tubes, etc., can be drawn continuously from the molten mass.
natural compounds of silicon; production of cement;
coefficient of thermal expansion; bath-shaped furnace; property of glass; to
retain the shape; binding material.
Concrete Danger in Many Buildings. Schools, offices,
blocks, supermarkets, dance and bingo halls are among hundreds of buildings
throughout the country in danger of collapse, a group of architects and
structural engineers says in a report published recently in Britain. The report mentions a recent circular from the
Department of the Environment which says that hundreds of buildings are at
risk because the concrete they are made of could be unfase.
concrete,
aggregate, moisture, mortars, cracking, calcium, decay, limestone,
requirements Sand is the
chief material used as a fine (1) …. It is required in mortar or concrete for
economy and to prevent the excessive (2) …. Mortar made without sand would be
expensive. The word “sand” is applied to any
finely divided material which will not injuriously affect the cement or lime
and which is not subject to disintegration or (3) …. Sand is almost the only
material which is sufficiently cheap and which can fulfil these (4) …. A mixture of coarse and fine
grains is very satisfactory, as it makes a denser and stronger (5) … with a
less amount of cement that when only fine-grained sand is used. The following sands are used for
(6) …: pit or quarry sand, river sand and sea sand. Lime is a
calcium oxide. It is used in great quantities for mortar and plaster. Lime is
a white solid that reacts violently with water to form (7) … hydroxide. It is
made by heating (8) … in a special kind of furnace called a “kiln”. Lime must
be stored in a dry place, otherwise it will absorb (9) ….
Lime, gypsum and cement are the three
materials most widely used in building construction for the purpose of
binding together masonry units. Cement is considered to be the most important
component of concrete. Used in construction those materials form very
important elements in all masonry structures. As a class they are designed as
cementing materials. We suppose the gradual improvement in
Portland cement quality from the time of its introduction to have led to
elaboration of rapid-hardening Portland cement. Later developments having been carried out, low heat
and sulphate-resisting cement, also white and coloured
cements were brought into life. Another important class of cement is high alumina
cement. High alumina cement is a material containing alumina. It is known to
be very resistant to chemical attacks. Specialists know Portland cement like
other materials to be modified to some extent to suit a particular
application. The scope for such purpose-made cements has led to the
development of high alumina cement, blast-furnace slag and puzzolanas. The most important building material may
now be considered an artificial conglomerate of crushed stone, gravel or
similar inert material with a mortar. A mixture of sand, screenings or
similar inert particles with cement and water having the capacity of
hardening into rocklike mass is called mortar. The main object in
proportioning concrete or mortar mixes is the production of a durable
material of requisite, water tightness and other essential properties at
minimum cost. If we want to achieve this aim, careful attention must be given
to the selection of cement, aggregate and water.
What are lime, gypsum and cement most widely used
for? 1. They are used as components to produce
concrete. 2. They are used for binding together
masonry units. 3. They are used to reinforce concrete
structures. 4. They are the most important
components for making bricks.
Rotary
tightness Water
lime Crushed
goods Opposite
mass Masonry bricks Slaked
kiln Ceramic
direction Glass units Silicate
production Liquid
stone
The term "design" in
connection with residential areas means the arrangement of the various parts
(the houses, roads, and so on) in such a way that they function properly, can
be built economically and give pleasure to look at. The appearance of the
area is influenced by its function and the way it is built. The term "residential area" is
commonly taken to mean an area of urban development in which the majority of buildings
are dwellings. It has now become generally accepted that an area of
dwellings, however well designed, is not by itself sufficient to meet the
needs of the inhabitants. Schools, shops, playing fields and other communal
facilities are necessary to be built to meet these needs. The area containing
them is generally called "a neighbourhood". There may be very wide variations in
size and shape between one neighbourhood and
another, depending on the structure of the town as a whole and on the
topography. There is a strong aesthetic argument for
subdividing the neighbourhood into housing units.
An area of some two or three thousand dwellings is likely to be exceedingly
dull in appearance, simply because there is little visual relief from bricks
and mortar. Even a variety of dwellings will not help matters, because a
general impression of the same kind will remain. If, on the other hand, the
area is subdivided into a series of areas, each having its own
characteristics (so that it is distinguished from the others), and if all of
them are held together by the structure of the neighbourhood
plan, there will be variety through the contrasts of each area and unity
within the neighbourhoods as a whole.
What is the appearance of the area
influenced by? 1. ... by the topography of the town 2. ... by trends of population growth 3. ... by its function and the way it is
built 4. ... by subdividing the area into
housing units.
Types of houses
A man, who
has been an apprentice for some years in a building trade and has therefore
enough skill to be considered a skilled worker at his trade, is called
tradesman or craftsman. He may be a carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason,
slater-and-tiler, plumber, electrician, house painter, glazier,
floor-and-wall tiler, plasterer, paper-hanger, steeplejack, hot water fitter
and so on. Bricklayer
is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed
stoneware drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. He
rentiers brickwork, including the insides of manholes. A sewer and tunnel
bricklayer is a specialised bricklayer. In some
districts of Great Britain, bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles, and
slating and plaster and granolithic floors. But elsewhere these are
plasterer's specialities. Carpenter
is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and
window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wallboard. He builds or dismantles
wood or metal formwork. The two trades of carpenter and joiner were
originally the same, and most men can do both, but specialise
in one or the other. In the USA the term "carpenter" includes a
joiner. The word is derived from the French word «charpente» which means a wood or metal framework. Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench of
wood which has been cut and shaped by the machinists. His work is finer than
the carpenter's, much of it being
highly finished and done in a joinery shop which is not exposed to weather. In Scotland a joiner is a carpenter-and-joiner. Mason is a stone worker or
stone setter. In Scotland and
the USA a bricklayer is usually also a mason. A fixer
or a fixer-mason or a builder mason or a builder mason is a mason who sets prepared stones in walls,
weather the stone be only facing or to the full wall thickness. Plasterer is a tradesman
who may be a fibrous plasterer or a plasterer in solid work. The latter lays
successive coats of plaster or rendering and fixes fibrous plaster such as mould cornices and wall pattern. He can use a horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply stucco.
wood or
metal formwork; exposed to weather; successive coats of plaster; wall
pattern.
1. A
bricklayer renders brickwork. 2. A
bricklayer can fix wall and flooring tiles. 3. A
carpenter erects wooden frames. 4.
Joiner's work is done in a joinery shop. 5. A
plasterer lays successive coats of plaster.
“You
concentrate and think better in the countryside” A new report says living in
a city makes it harder for people to concentrate. The research found that people
who live in rural areas can focus better than people in urban areas. Researcher
Karina Linnell and her team studied how two groups of people did the same
"thinking tasks". The team went to a remote part of Namibia,
southwest Africa, to study the Himba tribe. Himba people live a very basic life in the desert, doing
traditional farming. The team
also studied members of the same tribe who had moved to the nearest town.
Linnell said the tribe who lived in the desert did much better on the tests
than those in the town. Linnell's research may change the way companies
operate. In the
future, workers may relocate from cities to live and work in the countryside.
Linnell said there are too many things around us in the city that stop us
from thinking about one thing for a long time. This means we do not work at
our best. She asked: "What if companies realized that some tasks would
be better carried out by employees who work in the rural environment where
their concentration ability is better?" The past century has seen
billions of people move from the countryside to big cities. If Linnell's
research is true, this century might see many of those people return to the
great outdoors. 1. People
who live in the countryside can focus better than city people. + / - 2. The
team studied two different tribes from the town and country. + / - 3. The
research might change how companies work in the future. + / - 4.
Billions have relocated to rural areas in the past 100 years + / - 5. Many
people originally from the countryside might return. + / -
Durability is known to be a very elusive
property. If the problem is regarded critically the question may well be asked:
What is the degree of durability required? The durability of any material or method
of construction (if we regard walls) depends upon the conditions of exposure.
External weathering with rapid alterations of temperature and moisture content
results in deterioration of structures and materials which would be
unaffected over very long periods if used inside. It is necessary to take
account of the increased severity of exposure to the weather. In selecting materials
the practice of experience is not enough. Many disastrous failures arc supposed to have resulted from the supposition that
an unfamiliar combination of familiar materials can be used with complete
freedom. The technique of scientific testing of materials is considered to be
more reliable. It has accumulated
main principles on which an appraisal of durability is made. The durability of it walling material in
service is affected by its chemical composition, pore structures and to some
extent by its mechanical strength. Materials vary in the extent to which
their pores will be filled with water on immersion. In some materials nearly
the whole of the pore space is filled. In certain cases
the effects of frosts may be rendered more severe by the presence in a
material of certain salts in solution. We assume chemical attacks and pore
structures to be interrelated. Thus, it is the technique of scientific
testing that should be used when the problem of reliance is concerned in the
sphere of building materials.
What factors affect the durability of a
walling material in service? 1. Chemical composition, pore structure
and mechanical strength affect the durability of walling material in service. 2. Weather conditions affect the
durability of walling material in service. 3. Previous behaviour
affects the durability of walling material in service. 4. Rapid alterations of temperatures
affect the durability of walling material in service.
alumina, buildings, property, "civil", cement, sciences,
concrete, beam, complete mastery, shape, leather pads, compression 1. Durability is known to be a very elusive …. 2. Plain concrete can be used for almost all
kinds of … 3. Silica concrete is light, acid-proof and
contains no … 4. Civil engineering projects involve the physical,
mathematical, earth, social, communications, and engineering … 5. Roads, canals, railways, ports, harbours and bridges are supposed to be built then by
engineers who called themselves … in contrast to military engineers. 6. High alumina cement is a material containing …
7. A "would-be" bricklayer must
practice handling a brick until he can control it with … 8. Bricklayer's thumb and the fingers must be
protected with… 9. The … and convenient size of a brick enables a
man to grip it with an easy confidence. 10. Prestressed … is not a new material. 11. Concrete is strong in … but weak when used
for tensile stresses. 12. A … made of prestressed concrete is
permanently under compression.
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